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There are two sections in this chapter.
1) The first contains
1a) an account of the Stoic distinction between the sign, the significate (the "Lekton"), and the physical object to which the sign refers.
1b) detailed description of various types of signs and their corresponding Lekta.
2) The second section contains
2a) a comparison of Stoic theories with those of Frege and Carnap.
2b) a discussion of the likeness between Stoic and Carnap's theories of "intension."
3c) numerous dissimilarities between Stoic and modern theories. Two main ones are
3c.I) Stoics restricted the denotation of expressions to bodies, and
3c.II) Stoics did not take truth-vales as the denotations of sentences.
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