Schiller and Achilles’ Shield, with illustrations by Kathleen Vail

 

by Corry Shores

 

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[May I deeply thank the sources for these images. The image credits are provided in the text and at the end. In particular I thank Kathleen Vail for her wonderful and detailed work.]

 

 

Schiller and Achilles’ Shield

 

Schiller uses Homer’s description of Achilles’ shield to exemplify the way that a poet may grandly depict a common affair. Schiller writes in his “Gedanken über den Gebrauch des Gemeinen und Niedrigen in der Kunst“ (“Reflections on the Use of the Vulgar and Low Elements in Works of Art”):

The poet treats his subject in a common manner when in the execution of his theme he dwells on valueless facts and only skims rapidly over those that are important. He treats his theme with grandeur when he associates with it what is great. For example, Homer treated the shield of Achilles grandly, though the making of a shield, looking merely at the matter, is a very commonplace affair.

(Project Gutenberg)

 

Ein Dichter behandelt seinen Stoff gemein, wenn er unwichtige Handlungen ausführt und über wichtige flüchtig hinweggeht. Er behandelt ihn groß, wenn er ihn mit dem Großen verbindet. Homer wußte den Schild des Achilles sehr geistreich zu behandeln, obgleich die Verfertigung eines Schildes dem Stoff nach etwas sehr Gemeines ist.

(Early Christian Writings)

 

Nicholas Swift describes the context for Homer’s description:

At the beginning of the eighteenth book, Achilles receives the news that Patrocolus has died, and the great armor which Achilles had lent him has been stripped by Hector. Achilles is devastated, and his anger at Agamemnon suddenly seems insignificant, as grief for his friend swells into an intense rage directed at himself and at Hector. While he is waiting for his mother, Thetis, to deliver new armor from the smith-god Hephaestus, he goes out before the ships, with flames encircling his head, and frightens the Trojans with three terrible screams. ... Hephaestus laments that he cannot protect Achilles from his fate, and then begins work on the shield, knowing that it will not save his life, but only serve him long enough to take revenge.

(Swift 1-2)

 

Here are some renditions of the shield [click image for an enlargement. Image credits provided below]:

[hellenicaworld.com]

 

[wikipedia.org]

 

[omirikoiheroes.blogspot.com]

 

[hellenicaworld.com more detail there]

 

[David Parsons]

 

[www.oldworldauctions.com]

 

 

[jaysanalysis.com]

 

[hellenicaworld.com]

 

[Also see: http://www.delchiaro.com/categoria_ing.php?nomecategoria=LavorazioneBronzo]

 

 

Homer writes in Book 18, lines 469-608 of the Iliad [The following images are the incredible works of Kathleen Vail. All titles before images are hers. Text comes from Perseus Project]:

So saying he left her there and went unto his bellows, and he turned these toward the fire and bade them work. [470] And the bellows, twenty in all, blew upon the melting-vats, sending forth a ready blast of every force, now to further him as he laboured hard, and again in whatsoever way Hephaestus might wish and his work go on. And on the fire he put stubborn bronze and tin [475] and precious gold and silver; and thereafter he set on the anvil-block a great anvil, and took in one hand a massive hammer, and in the other took he the tongs. First fashioned he a shield, great and sturdy, adorning it cunningly in every part, and round about it set a bright rim, [480] threefold and glittering, and therefrom made fast a silver baldric. Five were the layers of the shield itself; and on it he wrought many curious devices with cunning skill.

 

Kathleen Vail’s full shield [the rest are details from it]

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

 

“I.   The Epicenter of Achilles’ Shield:   CREATION”

 

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Therein he wrought the earth, therein the heavens therein the sea, and the unwearied sun, and the moon at the full, [485] and therein all the constellations wherewith heaven is crowned--the Pleiades, and the Hyades and the mighty Orion, and the Bear, that men call also the Wain, that circleth ever in her place, and watcheth Orion, and alone hath no part in the baths of Ocean. [490] Therein fashioned he also two cities of mortal men exceeding fair. In the one there were marriages and feastings, and by the light of the blazing torches they were leading the brides from their bowers through the city, and loud rose the bridal song. And young men were whirling in the dance, and in their midst [495] flutes and lyres sounded continually; and there the women stood each before her door and marvelled.

 

“II.   The Inner Ring of Achilles’ Shield:   CIVIL LIFE”

 

“II.1:   WEDDING PROCESSION”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But the folk were gathered in the place of assembly; for there a strife had arisen, and two men were striving about the blood-price of a man slain; the one avowed that he had paid all, [500] declaring his cause to the people, but the other refused to accept aught; and each was fain to win the issue on the word of a daysman.

 

“II.2:   CONFLICT IN THE MARKET”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Moreover, the folk were cheering both, shewing favour to this side and to that. And heralds held back the folk, and the elders were sitting upon polished stones in the sacred circle, [505] holding in their hands the staves of the loud-voiced heralds. Therewith then would they spring up and give judgment, each in turn. And in the midst lay two talents of gold, to be given to him whoso among them should utter the most righteous judgment.

 

“II.3:   JUDGEMENT OF THE ELDERS”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But around the other city lay in leaguer two hosts of warriors [510] gleaming in armour. And twofold plans found favour with them, either to lay waste the town or to divide in portions twain all the substance that the lovely city contained within.

 

“III.   The Middle Ring of Achilles’ Shield:   WARTIME”

 

“III.1:   CITY UNDER SIEGE”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Howbeit the besieged would nowise hearken thereto, but were arming to meet the foe in an ambush. The wall were their dear wives and little children guarding, [515] as they stood thereon, and therewithal the men that were holden of old age;

 

“III.2:   ARMING FOR A RAID”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

but the rest were faring forth, led of Ares and Pallas Athene, both fashioned in gold, and of gold was the raiment wherewith they were clad. Goodly were they and tall in their harness, as beseemeth gods, clear to view amid the rest, and the folk at their feet were smaller.

 

“III.3:   ARES AND ATHENA LEAD THE RAID”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But when they were come to the place where it seemed good unto them to set their ambush, in a river-bed where was a watering-place for all herds alike, there they sate them down, clothed about with flaming bronze. Thereafter were two scouts set by them apart from the host, waiting till they should have sight of the sheep and sleek cattle. [525]

 

“III.4:   WARRIORS HIDING”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

And these came presently, and two herdsmen followed with them playing upon pipes; and of the guile wist they not at all.

 

“III.5:   PEACEFUL HERDSMEN”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But the liers-in-wait, when they saw these coming on, rushed forth against them and speedily cut off the herds of cattle and fair flocks of white-fleeced sheep, and slew the herdsmen withal.

 

“III.6:   THE RAIDING PARTY ATTACKS”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

[530] But the besiegers, as they sat before the places of gathering and heard much tumult among the kine, mounted forthwith behind their high-stepping horses, and set out thitherward, and speedily came upon them.

 

“III.7:   THE TROOPS ARE ALERTED”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Then set they their battle in array and fought beside the river banks, and were ever smiting one another with bronze-tipped spears. [535] And amid them Strife and Tumult joined in the fray, and deadly Fate, grasping one man alive, fresh-wounded, another without a wound, and another she dragged dead through the mellay by the feet; and the raiment that she had about her shoulders was red with the blood of men. Even as living mortals joined they in the fray and fought; [540] and they were haling away each the bodies of the others’ slain.

 

“III.8:   BATTLE!”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Therein he set also soft fallow-land, rich tilth and wide, that was three times ploughed; and ploughers full many therein were wheeling their yokes and driving them this way and that. And whensoever after turning they came to the headland of the field, [545] then would a man come forth to each and give into his hands a cup of honey-sweet wine; and the ploughmen would turn them in the furrows, eager to reach the headland of the deep tilth. And the field grew black behind and seemed verily as it had been ploughed, for all that it was of gold; herein was the great marvel of the work.

 

“IV.   The Outer Ring of Achilles’ Shield:   PEACETIME”

 

“IV.1:   PLOWING THE FIELD”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

[550] Therein he set also a king’s demesne-land, wherein labourers were reaping, bearing sharp sickles in their hands. Some handfuls were falling in rows to the ground along the swathe, while others the binders of sheaves were binding with twisted ropes of straw. Three binders stood hard by them, while behind them [555] boys would gather the handfuls, and bearing them in their arms would busily give them to the binders; and among them the king, staff in hand, was standing in silence at the swathe, joying in his heart. And heralds apart beneath an oak were making ready a feast, and were dressing a great ox they had slain for sacrifice; and the women [560] sprinkled the flesh with white barley in abundance, for the workers’ mid-day meal.

 

“IV.2:   HARVESTING THE GRAIN”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Therein he set also a vineyard heavily laden with clusters, a vineyard fair and wrought of gold; black were the grapes, and the vines were set up throughout on silver poles. And around it he drave a trench of cyanus, and about that a fence of tin; [565] and one single path led thereto, whereby the vintagers went and came, whensoever they gathered the vintage. And maidens and youths in childish glee were bearing the honey-sweet fruit in wicker baskets. And in their midst a boy made pleasant music with a clear-toned lyre, [570] and thereto sang sweetly the Linos-song with his delicate voice; and his fellows beating the earth in unison therewith followed on with bounding feet mid dance and shoutings.

 

“IV.3:   GATHERING THE GRAPES”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

And therein he wrought a herd of straight-horned kine: the kine were fashioned of gold and tin, [575] and with lowing hasted they forth from byre to pasture beside the sounding river, beside the waving reed. And golden were the herdsmen that walked beside the kine, four in number, and nine dogs swift of foot followed after them.

 

“IV.4:   HERDING THE CATTLE TO PASTURE”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But two dread lions amid the foremost kine [580] were holding a loud-lowing bull, and he, bellowing mightily, was haled of them, while after him pursued the dogs and young men. The lions twain had rent the hide of the great bull, and were devouring the inward parts and the black blood, while the herdsmen vainly sought to fright them, tarring on the swift hounds. [585] Howbeit these shrank from fastening on the lions, but stood hard by and barked and sprang aside.

 

“IV.5:   LION ATTACK”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Therein also the famed god of the two strong arms wrought a pasture in a fair dell, a great pasture of white-fleeced sheep, and folds, and roofed huts, and pens.

 

“IV.6:   VALLEY OF SHEEP”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

[590] Therein furthermore the famed god of the two strong arms cunningly wrought a dancing-floor like unto that which in wide Cnosus Daedalus fashioned of old for fair-tressed Ariadne. There were youths dancing and maidens of the price of many cattle, holding their hands upon the wrists one of the other. [595] Of these the maidens were clad in fine linen, while the youths wore well-woven tunics faintly glistening with oil; and the maidens had fair chaplets, and the youths had daggers of gold hanging from silver baldrics. Now would they run round with cunning feet [600] exceeding lightly, as when a potter sitteth by his wheel that is fitted between his hands and maketh trial of it whether it will run;

 

“IV.7:   CIRCLE-DANCING”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

and now again would they run in rows toward each other.

 

“IV.8:   LINE-DANCING”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

And a great company stood around the lovely dance, taking joy therein; [605] and two tumblers whirled up and down through the midst of them as leaders in the dance.

 

“IV.9:   ACROBATS JOIN THE ACTION”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

Therein he set also the great might of the river Oceanus, around the uttermost rim of the strongly-wrought shield.

 

“V.   The Outer Rim of Achilles’ Shield:   MIGHTY OCEAN CURRENT”

[Thanks Kathleen Vail]

 

But when he had wrought the shield, great and sturdy, [610] then wrought he for him a corselet brighter than the blaze of fire, and he wrought for him a heavy helmet, fitted to his temples, a fair helm, richly-dight, and set thereon a crest of gold; and he wrought him greaves of pliant tin. But when the glorious god of the two strong arms had fashioned all the armour, [615] he took and laid it before the mother of Achilles. And like a falcon she sprang down from snowy Olympus, bearing the flashing armour from Hephaestus.

 

 

 

Text in the Original Greek [Copied from Perseus Project]:

hôs eipôn tên men lipen autou, bê d’ epi phusas: tas d’ es pur etrepse keleuse te ergazesthai. 470 phusai d’ en choanoisin eeikosi pasai ephusôn pantoiên euprêston aütmên exanieisai, allote men speudonti paremmenai, allote d’ aute, hoppôs Hêphaistos t’ etheloi kai ergon anoito. chalkon d’ en puri ballen ateirea kassiteron te 475 kai chruson timênta kai arguron: autar epeita thêken en akmothetôi megan akmona, gento de cheiri rhaistêra kraterên, heterêphi de gento puragrên. poiei de prôtista sakos mega te stibaron te pantose daidallôn, peri d’ antuga balle phaeinên 480 triplaka marmareên, ek d’ argureon telamôna. pente d’ ar’ autou esan sakeos ptuches: autar en autôi poiei daidala polla iduiêisi prapidessin. en men gaian eteux’, en d’ ouranon, en de thalassan, êelion t’ akamanta selênên te plêthousan, 485 en de ta teirea panta, ta t’ ouranos estephanôtai, Plêïadas th’ Huadas te to te sthenos Ôriônos Arkton th’, hên kai Amaxan epiklêsin kaleousin, hê t’ autou strephetai kai t’ Ôriôna dokeuei, oiê d’ ammoros esti loetrôn Ôkeanoio. en de duô poiêse poleis meropôn anthrôpôn kalas. en têi men rha gamoi t’ esan eilapinai te, numphas d’ ek thalamôn daïdôn hupo lampomenaôn êgineon ana astu, polus d’ humenaios orôrei: kouroi d’ orchêstêres edineon, en d’ ara toisin 495 auloi phorminges te boên echon: hai de gunaikes histamenai thaumazon epi prothuroisin hekastê. laoi d’ ein agorêi esan athrooi: entha de neikos ôrôrei, duo d’ andres eneikeon heineka poinês andros apophthimenou: ho men eucheto pant’ apodounai 500 dêmôi piphauskôn, ho d’ anaineto mêden helesthai: amphô d’ hiesthên epi istori peirar helesthai. laoi d’ amphoteroisin epêpuon amphis arôgoi: kêrukes d’ ara laon erêtuon: hoi de gerontes heiat’ epi xestoisi lithois hierôi eni kuklôi, 505 skêptra de kêrukôn en chers’ echon êerophônôn: toisin epeit’ êïsson, amoibêdis de dikazon. keito d’ ar’ en messoisi duô chrusoio talanta, tôi domen hos meta toisi dikên ithuntata eipoi. tên d’ heterên polin amphi duô stratoi hêato laôn 510 teuchesi lampomenoi: dicha de sphisin hêndane boulê, êe diapratheein ê andicha panta dasasthai ktêsin hosên ptoliethron epêraton entos eergen: hoi d’ ou pô peithonto, lochôi d’ hupethôrêssonto. teichos men rh’ alochoi te philai kai nêpia tekna 515 rhuat’ ephestaotes, meta d’ aneres hous eche gêras: hoi d’ isan: êrche d’ ara sphin Arês kai Pallas Athênê amphô chruseiô, chruseia de heimata hesthên, kalô kai megalô sun teuchesin, hôs te theô per amphis arizêlô: laoi d’ hupolizones êsan. 520 hoi d’ hote dê rh’ hikanon hothi sphisin eike lochêsai en potamôi, hothi t’ ardmos eên pantessi botoisin, enth’ ara toi g’ hizont’ eilumenoi aithopi chalkôi. toisi d’ epeit’ apaneuthe duô skopoi heiato laôn degmenoi hoppote mêla idoiato kai helikas bous. 525 hoi de tacha progenonto, duô d’ ham’ heponto nomêes terpomenoi surinxi: dolon d’ ou ti pronoêsan. hoi men ta proïdontes epedramon, ôka d’ epeita tamnont’ amphi boôn agelas kai pôea kala argenneôn oiôn, kteinon d’ epi mêlobotêras. 530 hoi d’ hôs oun eputhonto polun keladon para bousin eiraôn proparoithe kathêmenoi, autik’ eph’ hippôn bantes aersipodôn metekiathon, aipsa d’ hikonto. stêsamenoi d’ emachonto machên potamoio par’ ochthas, ballon d’ allêlous chalkêresin encheiêisin. 535 en d’ Eris en de Kudoimos homileon, en d’ oloê Kêr, allon zôon echousa neoutaton, allon aouton, allon tethnêôta kata mothon helke podoiin: heima d’ ech’ amph’ ômoisi daphoineon haimati phôtôn. hômileun d’ hôs te zôoi brotoi êd’ emachonto, 540 nekrous t’ allêlôn eruon katatethnêôtas. en d’ etithei neion malakên pieiran arouran eureian tripolon: polloi d’ arotêres en autêi zeugea dineuontes elastreon entha kai entha. hoi d’ hopote strepsantes hikoiato telson arourês, 545 toisi d’ epeit’ en chersi depas meliêdeos oinou dosken anêr epiôn: toi de strepsaskon an’ ogmous, hiemenoi neioio batheiês telson hikesthai. hê de melainet’ opisthen, arêromenêi de eôikei, chruseiê per eousa: to dê peri thauma tetukto. 550 en d’ etithei temenos basilêïon: entha d’ erithoi êmôn oxeias drepanas en chersin echontes. dragmata d’ alla met’ ogmon epêtrima pipton eraze, alla d’ amallodetêres en elledanoisi deonto. treis d’ ar’ amallodetêres ephestasan: autar opisthe 555 paides dragmeuontes en ankalidessi pherontes asperches parechon: basileus d’ en toisi siôpêi skêptron echôn hestêkei ep’ ogmou gêthosunos kêr. kêrukes d’ apaneuthen hupo druï daita penonto, boun d’ hiereusantes megan amphepon: hai de gunaikes 560 deipnon erithoisin leuk’ alphita polla palunon. en d’ etithei staphulêisi mega brithousan alôên kalên chruseiên: melanes d’ ana botrues êsan, hestêkei de kamaxi diamperes argureêisin. amphi de kuaneên kapeton, peri d’ herkos elasse 565 kassiterou: mia d’ oiê atarpitos êen ep’ autên, têi nisonto phorêes hote trugoôien alôên. parthenikai de kai êïtheoi atala phroneontes plektois en talaroisi pheron meliêdea karpon. toisin d’ en messoisi païs phormingi ligeiêi 570 himeroen kitharize, linon d’ hupo kalon aeide leptaleêi phônêi: toi de rhêssontes hamartêi molpêi t’ iugmôi te posi skairontes heponto. en d’ agelên poiêse boôn orthokrairaôn: hai de boes chrusoio teteuchato kassiterou te, 575 mukêthmôi d’ apo koprou epesseuonto nomon de par potamon keladonta, para rhodanon donakêa. chruseioi de nomêes ham’ estichoônto boessi tessares, ennea de sphi kunes podas argoi heponto. smerdaleô de leonte du’ en prôtêisi boessi 580 tauron erugmêlon echetên: ho de makra memukôs helketo: ton de kunes metekiathon êd’ aizêoi. tô men anarrêxante boos megaloio boeiên enkata kai melan haima laphusseton: hoi de nomêes autôs endiesan tacheas kunas otrunontes. 585 hoi d’ êtoi dakeein men apetrôpônto leontôn, histamenoi de mal’ engus hulakteon ek t’ aleonto. en de nomon poiêse periklutos amphiguêeis en kalêi bêssêi megan oiôn argennaôn, stathmous te klisias te katêrepheas ide sêkous. en de choron poikille periklutos amphiguêeis, tôi ikelon hoion pot’ eni Knôsôi eureiêi Daidalos êskêsen kalliplokamôi Ariadnêi. entha men êïtheoi kai parthenoi alphesiboiai orcheunt’ allêlôn epi karpôi cheiras echontes. 595 tôn d’ hai men leptas othonas echon, hoi de chitônas heiat’ eünnêtous, êka stilbontas elaiôi: kai rh’ hai men kalas stephanas echon, hoi de machairas eichon chruseias ex argureôn telamônôn. hoi d’ hote men threxaskon epistamenoisi podessi 600 rheia mal’, hôs hote tis trochon armenon en palamêisin hezomenos kerameus peirêsetai, ai ke theêisin: allote d’ au threxaskon epi stichas allêloisi. pollos d’ himeroenta choron periistath’ homilos 604 terpomenoi: 605 doiô de kubistêtêre kat’ autous molpês exarchontes edineuon kata messous. en d’ etithei potamoio mega sthenos Ôkeanoio antuga par pumatên sakeos puka poiêtoio. autar epei dê teuxe sakos mega te stibaron te, 610 teux’ ara hoi thôrêka phaeinoteron puros augês, teuxe de hoi korutha briarên krotaphois araruian kalên daidaleên, epi de chruseon lophon hêke, teuxe de hoi knêmidas heanou kassiteroio. autar epei panth’ hopla kame klutos amphiguêeis, 615 mêtros Achillêos thêke proparoithen aeiras. hê d’ irêx hôs alto kat’ Oulumpou niphoentos teuchea marmaironta par’ Hêphaistoio pherousa.

 

Here is an alternate translation by Samuel Butler:

When he had so said he left her and went to his bellows, turning them towards the fire and bidding them do their office. Twenty bellows blew upon the melting-pots, and they blew blasts of every kind, some fierce to help him when he had need of them, and others less strong as Vulcan willed it in the course of his work. He threw tough copper into the fire, and tin, with silver and gold; he set his great anvil on its block, and with one hand grasped his mighty hammer while he took the tongs in the other. First he shaped the shield so great and strong, adorning it all over and binding it round with a gleaming circuit in three layers; and the baldric was made of silver. He made the shield in five thicknesses, and with many a wonder did his cunning hand enrich it. He wrought the earth, the heavens, and the sea; the moon also at her full and the untiring sun, with all the signs that glorify the face of heaven- the Pleiads, the Hyads, huge Orion, and the Bear, which men also call the Wain and which turns round ever in one place, facing. Orion, and alone never dips into the stream of Oceanus. He wrought also two cities, fair to see and busy with the hum of men. In the one were weddings and wedding-feasts, and they were going about the city with brides whom they were escorting by torchlight from their chambers. Loud rose the cry of Hymen, and the youths danced to the music of flute and lyre, while the women stood each at her house door to see them. Meanwhile the people were gathered in assembly, for there was a quarrel, and two men were wrangling about the blood-money for a man who had been killed, the one saying before the people that he had paid damages in full, and the other that he had not been paid. Each was trying to make his own case good, and the people took sides, each man backing the side that he had taken; but the heralds kept them back, and the elders sate on their seats of stone in a solemn circle, holding the staves which the heralds had put into their hands. Then they rose and each in his turn gave judgement, and there were two talents laid down, to be given to him whose judgement should be deemed the fairest. About the other city there lay encamped two hosts in gleaming armour, and they were divided whether to sack it, or to spare it and accept the half of what it contained. But the men of the city would not yet consent, and armed themselves for a surprise; their wives and little children kept guard upon the walls, and with them were the men who were past fighting through age; but the others sallied forth with Mars and Pallas Minerva at their head- both of them wrought in gold and clad in golden raiment, great and fair with their armour as befitting gods, while they that followed were smaller. When they reached the place where they would lay their ambush, it was on a riverbed to which live stock of all kinds would come from far and near to water; here, then, they lay concealed, clad in full armour. Some way off them there were two scouts who were on the look-out for the coming of sheep or cattle, which presently came, followed by two shepherds who were playing on their pipes, and had not so much as a thought of danger. When those who were in ambush saw this, they cut off the flocks and herds and killed the shepherds. Meanwhile the besiegers, when they heard much noise among the cattle as they sat in council, sprang to their horses, and made with all speed towards them; when they reached them they set battle in array by the banks of the river, and the hosts aimed their bronze-shod spears at one another. With them were Strife and Riot, and fell Fate who was dragging three men after her, one with a fresh wound, and the other unwounded, while the third was dead, and she was dragging him along by his heel: and her robe was bedrabbled in men’s blood. They went in and out with one another and fought as though they were living people haling away one another’s dead. He wrought also a fair fallow field, large and thrice ploughed already. Many men were working at the plough within it, turning their oxen to and fro, furrow after furrow. Each time that they turned on reaching the headland a man would come up to them and give them a cup of wine, and they would go back to their furrows looking forward to the time when they should again reach the headland. The part that they had ploughed was dark behind them, so that the field, though it was of gold, still looked as if it were being ploughed- very curious to behold. He wrought also a field of harvest corn, and the reapers were reaping with sharp sickles in their hands. Swathe after swathe fell to the ground in a straight line behind them, and the binders bound them in bands of twisted straw. There were three binders, and behind them there were boys who gathered the cut corn in armfuls and kept on bringing them to be bound: among them all the owner of the land stood by in silence and was glad. The servants were getting a meal ready under an oak, for they had sacrificed a great ox, and were busy cutting him up, while the women were making a porridge of much white barley for the labourers’ dinner. He wrought also a vineyard, golden and fair to see, and the vines were loaded with grapes. The bunches overhead were black, but the vines were trained on poles of silver. He ran a ditch of dark metal all round it, and fenced it with a fence of tin; there was only one path to it, and by this the vintagers went when they would gather the vintage. Youths and maidens all blithe and full of glee, carried the luscious fruit in plaited baskets; and with them there went a boy who made sweet music with his lyre, and sang the Linus-song with his clear boyish voice. He wrought also a herd of homed cattle. He made the cows of gold and tin, and they lowed as they came full speed out of the yards to go and feed among the waving reeds that grow by the banks of the river. Along with the cattle there went four shepherds, all of them in gold, and their nine fleet dogs went with them. Two terrible lions had fastened on a bellowing bull that was with the foremost cows, and bellow as he might they haled him, while the dogs and men gave chase: the lions tore through the bull’s thick hide and were gorging on his blood and bowels, but the herdsmen were afraid to do anything, and only hounded on their dogs; the dogs dared not fasten on the lions but stood by barking and keeping out of harm’s way. The god wrought also a pasture in a fair mountain dell, and large flock of sheep, with a homestead and huts, and sheltered sheepfolds. Furthermore he wrought a green, like that which Daedalus once made in Cnossus for lovely Ariadne. Hereon there danced youths and maidens whom all would woo, with their hands on one another’s wrists. The maidens wore robes of light linen, and the youths well woven shirts that were slightly oiled. The girls were crowned with garlands, while the young men had daggers of gold that hung by silver baldrics; sometimes they would dance deftly in a ring with merry twinkling feet, as it were a potter sitting at his work and making trial of his wheel to see whether it will run, and sometimes they would go all in line with one another, and much people was gathered joyously about the green. There was a bard also to sing to them and play his lyre, while two tumblers went about performing in the midst of them when the man struck up with his tune. All round the outermost rim of the shield he set the mighty stream of the river Oceanus. Then when he had fashioned the shield so great and strong, he made a breastplate also that shone brighter than fire. He made helmet, close fitting to the brow, and richly worked, with a golden plume overhanging it; and he made greaves also of beaten tin. Lastly, when the famed lame god had made all the armour, he took it and set it before the mother of Achilles; whereon she darted like a falcon from the snowy summits of Olympus and bore away the gleaming armour from the house of Vulcan.

 

 

 

Homer. Iliad. Greek text from Perseus. Available at: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133&redirect=true

The first translated text is also from Perseus.

It is based on this text: Homer. The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. OCLC: 38101377. ISBN: 0674991885, 0674991893 And it is available online at:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134&redirect=true

 

The second translated text (Samuel Butler) is available at: http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.18.xviii.html

 

Schiller, Friedrich. “Gedanken über den Gebrauch des Gemeinen und Niedrigen in der Kunst.” Available online at: http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/?id=5&xid=2412&kapitel=1#gb_found

 

Schiller, Friedrich. “Reflections on the Use of the Vulgar and Low Elements in Works of Art” Available online at: http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6798

 

Swift, Nicholas. “The Shield of Achilles.” PDF available at: http://www.aoidoi.org/poets/homer/il/shield.pdf This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

 

 

 

Image credits

 

First set of shields, in order of appearance:

 

http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Mythology/en/ShieldOfAchilles01.html

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelo_monticelli_shield-of-achilles.jpg

 

http://omirikoiheroes.blogspot.com.tr/2015/01/blog-post_94.html?m=0

 

http://s78.photobucket.com/albums/j116/davidparsonsd/Classics/?action=view¤t=achilles_shield2.jpg

David Parsons

http://s78.photobucket.com/user/davidparsonsd/library/

 

http://www.oldworldauctions.com/Auction086/86-444.jpg

 

https://jaysanalysis.com/2011/05/03/platos-cosmology-and-achilles-shield-compared-full/

 

http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Mythology/en/AchillesShield.html

 

 

Kathleen Vail’s images come from her website

https://theshieldofachilles.net/

 

 

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