29 Jan 2010

Entry Directory: Rhythm of Sensation thesis


by Corry Shores
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The following are selections from my M.Phil Thesis: The Rhythm of Sensation on the Surface of Sense: Communication in Deleuze as NonSensed and Intense. Defended and archived at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2008.










28 Jan 2010

Determinism's Hollow Music TF §90 To Prove Conscious States Determined, We Should Have to Show... Bergson. Time and Free Will


by Corry Shores
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[The following is summary; my commentary is in brackets.]



Determinism's Hollow Music


Henri Bergson

Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness
Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience

Ch.III
The Organization of Conscious States; Free Will
De l'organization des états de conscience: la liberté

Part XXX: Physical Determinism


Previously Bergson noted a determinist theorem based on the law of conservation of energy. Bodies in motion are determined by forces. For a body to act freely, that would require extra energy to be added into the system, so that the body may act against the forces already acting upon it and determining its motion. But according to the law of the conservation of energy, the energy in a system stays the same. Extra energy cannot spontaneously arise. Hence there cannot be free action. Bergson will adopt this thesis, and show that still our conscious states are not determined by prior ones.


§90 To Prove Conscious States Determined, We Should Have to Show a Necessary Connexion between Them and Cerebral States. No Such Proof

Bergson will begin by assuming a theorem. Our brains are made of atoms. The atoms move according to predictable forces. Some try to conclude from this that there is no spontaneous action in our minds. Bergson claims that we cannot draw this conclusion.

The first problem is proving that a certain strictly determined psychic state corresponds to a definite cerebral state. But this has not yet been done. We normally do not require such a proof. We think that exterior influences, like a certain pitch sounding from a tympanum, mechanically cause our ear-drums to send a signal to our brains that we perceive as a note. Hence in these cases there seem to be "a fairly strict parallelism between the physiological and the psychological series" (146d).

If we were to say that all such mind-state/neural-state series are parallel, then we would be saying even before obtaining empirical evidence that there is no freedom [Bergson writes, "to extend this parallelism to the series themselves in their totality is to settle a priori the problem of freedom" (147a)]. Bergson says that many great philosophers have taken this position. However, they did not make such a claim because they believed in a strict physicalism [He writes, "it was not for reasons of a physical order that they asserted the strict correspondence between states of consciousness and modes of extension" (147a).] Leibniz thought there was a pre-established harmony between the series. But he "would never have admitted that a motion could give rise to a perception as a cause produces an effect" (147b). For Spinoza, there is one substance that is expressed through many different sorts of qualities, thought and physical extension being two of them. But a modification in thought and one in extension never influence one another; "they only express in two different languages the same eternal truth" (147bc).

However, the determinist theories of Bergson's time were not as clear and geometrically rigorous. Such determinists "point to molecular movements taking place in the brain: consciousness is supposed to arise out of these at times in some mysterious way, or rather to follow their track like the phosphorescent line which results from the rubbing of a match" (147cd). We might also imagine an actor on stage. He hits a keyboard, which itself makes no sounds. But backstage there is a musician who is playing for him. In the same way, such determinists seem to consider our consciousness to come from elsewhere and superpose upon "dumb and dark" physical states.

we are to think of an invisible musician playing behind the scenes while the actor strikes a keyboard the notes of which yield no sound: consciousness must be supposed to come from an unknown region and to be superimposed on the molecular vibrations, just as the melody is on the rhythmical movements of the actor. (147d)
Ou bien encore on songera à ce musicien invisible qui joue derrière la scène pendant que l'acteur touche un clavier dont les notes ne résonnent point : la conscience viendrait d'une région inconnue se superposer aux vibrations moléculaires, comme la mélodie aux mouvements rythmés de l'acteur. (113d).

Now, we can explain the movement of one body as resulting from other movements acting on it. But we cannot offer reasoning for how a mental state can result from a physical event. We can only find such a correlation through observation. And in fact, there have only been but a few experiments which have demonstrated such a correspondence. Also, these experiments do not involve a person exercising her will. So regardless of the metaphor we employ, we still do not prove that "psychic fact is fatally determined by the molecular movement" (148a).




Images of the pages summarized above, from the English translation [click to enlarge]:








Images of the pages summarized above, from the original French [click to enlarge]:







Bergson, Henri. Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. Transl. F.L. Pogson. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2001. Available online at: http://www.archive.org/details/timeandfreewill00pogsgoog

Bergson, Henri. Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience. Originally published, Paris: Les Presses universitaires de France, 1888. Available online at: http://www.archive.org/details/essaisurlesdonn00berguoft



Deleuze Cinema Update: Eruptions of God. Roberto Rossellini. Stromboli

by Corry Shores
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There is a new Deleuze Cinema Project entry. Click on the title below.

Paintings Cited in Deleuze's Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation


by
Corry Shores 

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[Index of painting entries in the Deleuze on Bacon series (without images)].

The following displays the paintings that Gilles Deleuze discusses in his Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation. [This posting is on-going]. For additional images, as well as quotations of relevant passages and commentary, click the painting’s title. [I am profoundly grateful to the sources of the images. Their credits are given as links below the images]



Paintings Cited in Deleuze's
Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation 
(enumerated in accordance with the English translation)


[1] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, 1944.


(euroartmagazine.com Thanks Dr. Gerry Coulter)


[2] Francis Bacon: Figure in a Landscape, 1945

(Thanks wikipedia.org)


[3] Francis Bacon: Painting, 1946

(Thanks www.sai.msu.su)


[4] Francis Bacon: Figure Study I, 1945-46

(Thanks nationalgalleries.org)


[5] Francis Bacon: Head II, 1949

(Thanks www.nytimes.com)


[6] Francis Bacon: Head VI, 1949

(Thanks www.nytimes.com.)


[7] Francis Bacon: Fragment of a Crucifixion, 1950

(Thanks www.vanabbe.nl & Peter Cox)


[8] Francis Bacon: Landscape, 1952

(Thanks artinvest2000.com)


[9] Francis Bacon: Study of a Figure in Landscape, 1952

(Thanks phillipscollection.org)


[10] Francis Bacon: Study for Crouching Nude, 1952

(Thanks www.dl.ket.org)





[12] Francis Bacon: Two Figures, 1953
 
(Thanks petulantrumblings.com)



[13] Triptych, Three Studies of the Human Head, 1953
(Thanks source: artimage.org.uk)



[14] Francis Bacon: Study of a Baboon, 1953





(Thanks artinvest2000.com)



[17] Francis Bacon: Two Figures in the Grass, 1954
(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[18] Francis Bacon: Sphinx, 1954
(Thanks museumtv.nl)


[19] Pope, 1955 
(Thanks source: artimage.org.uk



[23] Francis Bacon: Study for a Portrait of Van Gogh II, 1957

(Thanks
Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[27] Francis Bacon: Pope No. II, 1960


(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[29] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for a Crucifixion, 1962

(Thanks Estate of Francis Bacon, Guggenheim, and Tate)


[36] Francis Bacon: After Muybridge - Woman Emptying a Bowl of Water and Paralytic Child, 1965

(Thanks
Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[37] Francis Bacon: Portrait of George Dyer Talking, 1966

(Thanks alexalienart.com)


[38] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for a Portrait of Lucian Freud, 1966


(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[44] Francis Bacon: Three Studies of the Human Body, 1967

(Thanks very much sound--vision.blogspot.com)


[45] Francis Bacon: Portrait of George Dyer staring into a Mirror, 1967

(Thanks acasadacolina.blogspot.com)


[55] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies of Lucian Freud, 1969

(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)



[60] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1970


(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)



[61] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Studies from the Human Body, 1970

(Thanks
Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[62] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Studies of the Human Body, 1970


(Thanks www.connect.in.com; asfolhasardem.wordpress.com)


[64] Francis Bacon: Study of a Portrait of Lucian Freud (Sideways), 1971

(Thanks monstersandcritics.com and alexalienart.com)


[66] Francis Bacon: Two Men Working in a Field, 1970

(Thanks artist.christies.com)


[67] Francis Bacon: Lying Figure in a Mirror, 1971

(Thanks www.museobilbao.com)


[68] Francis Bacon: Portrait of a man walking down steps, 1972

(Thanks
Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[69] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies of Figures on Beds, 1972


(Thanks Ian Daniels)


[70] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1972

(Thanks
Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[73] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1973

(Thanks Editions de la différence and the Estate of Francis Bacon)


[77] Francis Bacon: Seated Figure, 1974

(Thank you so very much Stampfli & Turci of eaobjets.wordpress.com and Palazzo Reale)


[80] Francis Bacon: Figure at a Washbasin, 1976

(Thanks www.artnet.com)


Entry Directory: Deleuze on Bacon Painting Series


by
Corry Shores[Search Blog Here. Index-tags are found on the bottom of the left column.]Link

[Central Entry Directory]

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[Entry collecting the images of the paintings.]



The following indexes entries that display and discuss the paintings that Gilles Deleuze discusses in his Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation.



Logic of Sensation Painting Index


[1] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, 1944.

[2] Francis Bacon: Figure in a Landscape, 1945

[3] Francis Bacon: Painting, 1946

[4] Francis Bacon: Figure Study I, 1945-46


[5] Francis Bacon: Head II, 1949


[6] Francis Bacon: Head VI, 1949


[7] Francis Bacon: Fragment of a Crucifixion, 1950


[8] Francis Bacon: Landscape, 1952

[9] Francis Bacon: Study of a Figure in Landscape, 1952


[10] Francis Bacon: Study for Crouching Nude, 1952

[11] Francis Bacon: Study for a Portrait, 1953

[12] Francis Bacon: Two Figures, 1953


[13] Triptych, Three Studies of the Human Head, 1953

[14] Study of a Baboon, 1953

[15] Francis Bacon: Man with Dog, 1953

[16] Francis Bacon: Study after Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 1953 

[17] Two Figures in the Grass, 1954

[18] Francis Bacon: Sphinx, 1954

[19] Pope, 1955 


[23] Francis Bacon: Study for a Portrait of Van Gogh II, 1957


[27] Francis Bacon: Pope No. II, 1960



[29] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for a Crucifixion, 1962


[36] Francis Bacon: After Muybridge - Woman Emptying a Bowl of Water and Paralytic Child, 1965

[37] Francis Bacon: Portrait of George Dyer Talking, 1966

[38] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies for a Portrait of Lucian Freud, 1966



[44] Francis Bacon: Three Studies of the Human Body, 1967

[45] Francis Bacon: Portrait of George Dyer staring into a Mirror, 1967


[55] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies of Lucian Freud, 1969


[60] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1970


[61] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Studies from the Human Body, 1970

[62] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Studies of the Human Body, 1970



[64] Francis Bacon: Study of a Portrait of Lucian Freud (Sideways), 1971


[66] Francis Bacon: Two Men Working in a Field, 1970


[67] Francis Bacon: Lying Figure in a Mirror, 1971

[68] Francis Bacon: Portrait of a man walking down steps, 1972

[69] Francis Bacon: Triptych, Three Studies of Figures on Beds, 1972

[70] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1972



[73] Francis Bacon: Triptych, 1973


[77] Francis Bacon: Seated Figure, 1974


[80] Francis Bacon: Figure at a Washbasin, 1976



[102] Marcel Duchamp: Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2), 1912




Bacon and Sylvester Interviews

Francis Bacon (painter), Interviews with David Sylvester, entry directory


Other References in Deleuze's
Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation

See:
Deleuze’s Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation, entry directory



.

Scraped Landscape [2] Deleuze on Bacon, Painting Series. Figure in a Landscape, 1945

by Corry Shores
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[I am profoundly grateful to the sources of these images:
also available at:

[The following is quotation. My commentary is in brackets.]


Scraped Landscape
Deleuze on Bacon, Painting Series


Francis Bacon

Figure in a Landscape, 1945

Painting 7 of Deleuze's
Francis Bacon: Logique de la sensation. Tome II - Peintures
Painting [2] of the English translation
and Painting [58] of the Seuil 2002 French




What fills the rest of the painting will be neither a landscape as the correlate of the Figure, nor a ground from which the form will emerge, nor a formless chiaroscuro, a thickness of color on which shadows would play, a texture on which variation would play. Yet we are moving ahead too quickly. For there are indeed, in Bacon's early works, landscape-Figures like the Van Gogh of 1957 [23]; there are extremely shaded textures, as in Figure in a Landscape (1945) [2]. (Deleuze, 2003: 3bc)

Ce qui remplit le reste du tableau, ce ne sera pas un paysage comme corrélat de la figure, ni un fond dont surgirait la forme, ni un informel, clair-obscur, épaisseur de la couleur où se joueraient les ombres, texture où se jouerait la variation. Nous allons trop vite pourtant. Il y a bien, ou début de l'oeuvre, des Figures-paysages comme le Van Gogh de 1957 ; il y a des textures extrêmement nuancées, comme « Figure dans un Paysage » (Deleuze, 2002: 13d)

[Deleuze will later speak of the "shallow" or "superficial" depth in Bacon's paintings (p.83). The figure is not projected from the background, not does it blur into it. Rather, they are side-by-side. If the figure were to stand-out from the background, then there would be a visual depth to the painting. There would be space extending between the figure and the surrounding field. However, there is also another type of depth that is even deeper than extensive depth. There is an intensive depth, which does not extend in space. Deleuze also uses the medieval example of the white wall to explain. There are variations in the whiteness of the wall. As our eyes move from place-to-place along the white wall, we sense tendencies for the tone to change. (For more on Spinoza's white wall, see Deleuze, Cours Vincennes 10-03-1981, Expressionism in Philosophy Chapter 12 and Chapter 13). Those tendencies are found already in an indivisible point on the wall, just as calculus determines differential values at limits, which also can be thought of as tendencies for a curve to change. These tendencies do not yet actualize as extensive, qualitative differences. They are tendencies tending inward, that is to say, they are intensities. Bacon's paintings are flat, whether as figures scrambled into an adjacent indeterminate landscape, or as figures flat beside a mono-colored field. Either way, he may make use of the flatness' potential to express intensity, which produces sensations in us. Deleuze also writes that the scrambling we see in the landscape is a preparation for a technique he later employs: diagramming.

(Thanks wikipedia.org)

When Bacon diagrams, he begins with a formation, then scrambles part of it using chance-guided motions, like throwing the paint. This creates a painting that both causes us to try to make sense of it while that being an impossibility. We are continually confronted with differences upon differences, which causes us intense sensation. (For a more detailed explanation of diagramming, see this entry).]



Deleuze, Gilles. Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation. Transl. Daniel W. Smith. London/New York: Continuum, 2003.

Deleuze, Gilles. Francis Bacon: Logique de la sensation. Paris: Seuil, 2002.

Deleuze, Gilles. Francis Bacon: Logique de la sensation. Tome II - Peintures. Paris: Editions de la différence [Littératures], 1981.


Images obtained gratefully from:

Also at the Tate site: